來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2023-08-15 14:45:50
定語(yǔ)從句的用法和精練
一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞后。
二、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。
三、定語(yǔ)從句的分類
根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
1. that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))
3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))
注意:
(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞 +which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。
含有介詞的
(2)This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
(3)that作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。
(4)
a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.
例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?
f.主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
h.有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),其中一個(gè)宜用which,另外一個(gè)宜用that。如:
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
I .當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)。而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語(yǔ)時(shí),如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.
(5)
a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which,而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。
c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which,而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。
d.先行詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),只用which不用that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.
(6)as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句常用下列句式;
a. such+名詞+as.. b. such(pron)+as c.the same +名詞+as
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(一)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中
Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)
Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)
(二)where/when=介詞+關(guān)系代詞which,有時(shí)為表達(dá)清楚,還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from/to等,如:
(三)關(guān)系副詞when,where可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,而關(guān)系副詞why不可以。
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