一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式為：被動(dòng)語態(tài)由be+過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。

以do 為例，1) am/is/are +done (例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去分詞 )一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)例 A new cinema is being built here

4) was/were done 一般過去時(shí)例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 過去完成時(shí)例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)例 A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí)例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 過去將來時(shí)例 The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(shí)(少用)例 The project will have been completed before July.

2.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為 He was given a present by his motherfor his birthday.3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞 +賓語 +賓語補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動(dòng)。

例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.以及感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作

4)在使役動(dòng)詞 have, make, get賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.building.to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to�？筛臑� A stranger was seen to walk into the

5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3.非謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被動(dòng)語態(tài) (一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))。例 I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1.講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者例 My bike was stolen last night.(這時(shí)可省 by短語 )。

2.借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.為了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一個(gè)主語就夠了)

三、 It is said that+一些表示“據(jù)說”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞如用于句型“ It+ be+過去分詞+ that從句”或“主語+

從句及其他類似句型believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, thinkbe+過去分詞+ to do sth. ”。有：,據(jù)報(bào)道， It is believed that ,大家相信，It is thought that ,大家認(rèn)為，等可以It is said thatthat ,大家希望，that , 據(jù)建議。,據(jù)說 ,It is reported thatIt is hopedIt is well known that ,眾所周知，It is suggested

例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to have passed thenational exam.)

四、謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義1.英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如break， catch， clean， drive， lock， open， sell， read， write， wash等，當(dāng)它們

被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義 ,主語通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out,等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out例 How do the newspapers come out?這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢?

3.系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在某些句型中可用動(dòng)名詞和不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義

1.在 need， want， require, bear式的被動(dòng)形式。例 The house needs repairing

2.形容詞 worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式;而式的被動(dòng)形式。

3.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 與 things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。 )試比較： I’ ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (態(tài)作定語表明 you不是 post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 )此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語

4.在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有 nice， easy， fit， hard， difficult ， important，impossible， pleasant， interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out省略了 for me) .

5.在 too , to ,結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6.在 there be ,句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語，重點(diǎn)在物。例 There is no time to loselost time 不明確。)

7.在 be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)，下列動(dòng)詞等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?

六、介詞 in, on, under 等 +名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動(dòng)意義表示方位的介詞與含動(dòng)作意義的名詞合用，含被動(dòng)之義，其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。1.“ under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。

2.“ beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“出乎 ,,勝過 ,,、范圍、限度”

3.“ above+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示“ (品質(zhì)、行為、能力等

4.“ for+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“適于 ,,、為著 ,, ”。

5.“ in+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)范圍內(nèi) ) ，等。

6.“ on+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu) ,表示“在從事 ,,(受審)。

7.“ out of+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu);表示“超出 ,

8.“ within+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，“在 ...,內(nèi)、不超過

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