一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式

1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。

以do 為例

1) am/is/are +done 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

例：All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.

3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

例：A new cinema is being built here.

4) was/were done 一般過(guò)去時(shí)

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

5) had been done 過(guò)去完成時(shí)

例：By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

6) was/were being done 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

例：A meeting was being held when I was there.

7) shall/will be done 一般將來(lái)時(shí)

例：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

8) should/would be done 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)

例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

9) shall/will have been done 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(少用)

例：The project will have been completed before July.

2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1) 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞。

例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

2) 有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。

例：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改為He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

3) 當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。

例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

4) 在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。

例：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞+介詞”，“動(dòng)詞+副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開(kāi)。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài))。

例：I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、如何使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不僅要知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，還要知道在哪些情況中使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

1.講話者不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例：My bike was stolen last night.(這時(shí)可省by短語(yǔ))。

2.借助被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作突出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.

3.為了更好地安排句子。

例：The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一個(gè)主語(yǔ)就夠了)

三、It is said that+一些表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信”的動(dòng)詞

如用于句型“It+ be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句”或“主語(yǔ)+從句及其他類(lèi)似句型believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think be+過(guò)去分詞+ to do sth. ”。

例：It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)

四、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

1.英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞如break，catch， clean， drive， lock， open、 sell， read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義 ,主語(yǔ)通常是物。

例：This kind of cloth washes well.

注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。

2.表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out,等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out

例：How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來(lái)的呢?

3.系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)形式,但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：Your reason sounds reasonable.

五、表被動(dòng)意義的幾種特殊形態(tài)

1.在 need，want， require, bear式的被動(dòng)形式。例：The house needs repairing.

2.形容詞worth后面跟動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，但不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。

3.動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語(yǔ)，不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

例：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 與 things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較：I’ ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

4.在某些“形容詞+不定式”做表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有 nice， easy， fit，hard，difficult ， important，impossible， pleasant， interesting 等。

例：This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).

5.在 too,to結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前面可加邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.

6.在 there be ,句型中，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在人，用被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)，重點(diǎn)在物。

例：There is no time to lose lost time 不明確。

7.在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng)，下列動(dòng)詞等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

例：Who is to blame for starting the fire?

       編輯推薦：

       2024年中考各科目重點(diǎn)知識(shí)匯總

　　 歡迎使用手機(jī)、平板等移動(dòng)設(shè)備訪問(wèn)中考網(wǎng)，2025中考一路陪伴同行！>>點(diǎn)擊查看